According to a report by the Chinese Journal of Science on December 5th, British quantum physicists are experimenting with synthetic diamonds in an attempt to prove an effect that has just been theorized a few years ago: quantum push can make diamond power output higher than classical thermodynamics. Level.
(Photo from the Chinese Journal of Science) Only the reckless physicist dared to try to break the laws of thermodynamics. However, it turns out that there may be ways to change these laws. In a laboratory at Oxford University in the United Kingdom, quantum physicists are trying to do this with a small piece of synthetic diamond. At first, the diamonds that were submerged in the mess of optical fibers and mirrors were barely visible. However, when the researchers turned on the green laser, the defects in the diamond were illuminated and the crystals began to glow red. In this light, scientists have discovered a prima facie evidence of the effects that have just been theorized a few years ago: quantum push can make a diamond's power output higher than the classical thermodynamically defined level. If the conclusions are true, they will bring tangible benefits to quantum thermodynamics research. Quantum thermodynamics is a relatively new field that aims to reveal the laws governing heat and energy flow at the atomic scale. Breaking the Law The development of the classical laws of thermodynamics dates back to the 19th century. They were born out of the effort to understand steam engines and other macro systems. Thermodynamic variables such as temperature, heat, etc. are statistical in nature and are defined according to the average motion of a large population of particles. But back in the 1980s, Ronnie Kosloff, an early pioneer in the field and a researcher at Hebrew University in Israel, began to think about whether this situation would work for a much smaller system. Kosloff said that this was not a popular research branch at the time, because the questions to be answered were mostly abstract, and the hope of combining with the experiment was also very embarrassing. “This field has developed very slowly,†Kosloff said. “I have been alone for many years.†About a decade ago, as the issue of technical miniaturization became increasingly urgent and experimental technology made breakthroughs, it all happened. change. The researchers conducted a series of experiments to infer how thermodynamics and quantum theory are combined. However, Kosloff said the resulting proposal brought more confusion than making the problem clearer. Some claim that quantum components can break the classical thermodynamics without being damaged, so they can be used as a perpetual motion machine that can work without any energy input. Others have suggested that the laws of thermodynamics should remain unaltered at very small scales. However, they are equally confused. “In some cases, you can use the same equation to infer the performance of a single atomic engine and a car engine,†Kosloff said. “But it also looks shocking – to be sure, when the object becomes More and less hours, a quantum limit should be reached." In classical thermodynamics, a single particle has no temperature. Therefore, Tobias Schaetz, a quantum physicist at the University of Freiburg in Germany, believes that as the system of work and its environment approach the limit, it is increasingly ridiculous to imagine that they will follow standard thermodynamic rules. Finding the limit Inspired by the idea that information is a physical quantity and closely related to thermodynamics, researchers have attempted to rewrite the laws of thermodynamics so that they can work in quantum fields as well. Perpetual motion seems to be impossible. However, the early hope was that the limits given by quantum thermodynamics might not be as strict as in the classical world. "This is a series of ideas we have learned from quantum computing, that is, quantum effects help break the classic boundaries," said Rahm Uzdin, a quantum physicist at the Israel Institute of Technology. He also said that it is disappointing that this is not the case. The latest analysis shows that the quantum version of the second law (domination efficiency) and the third law (forbidding the system to reach absolute zero) maintains similar limits to the traditional "avatar", and even in some cases maintains more stringent limits. The theory also reveals some potential leeway. In a theoretical analysis that explores the flow of information between a hot chamber filled with particles and a cold room, a team including the quantum physicists Arnau Riera and Manabendra Nath Bera of the Barcelona Institute of Photonics in Spain found a strange Scene: The hot room seems to become hotter spontaneously, while the cold room becomes colder. “In the beginning, it looked crazy, as if we broke the laws of thermodynamics,†Bera said. But the researchers quickly realized that they ignored the quantum distortion, that is, the particles in the chamber would become entangled with each other. In theory, generating and breaking these associations provides a means to store and release energy. Once this quantum resource is included, the laws of thermodynamics gradually emerge. Some independent teams have proposed using such entanglements to store energy in "quantum cells." At the same time, a team from the Italian Institute of Technology is trying to validate the Barcelona team's predictions by using batteries built from superconducting qubits. In principle, such quantum cells charge much faster than conventional batteries. “You can't extract and store energy outside the limits of traditional restrictions—this is determined by the second law,†Riera said. “But you might be able to speed up the extraction and storage of energy.†Some researchers are working Look for simpler ways to manipulate bits in quantum computing applications. Nayeli Azucena RodrÃguez Briones, a quantum physicist at the University of Waterloo in Canada, and colleagues designed a method that could enhance the cooling capacity required for quantum computing operations by manipulating the energy levels of quantum bit pairs. Currently, they are planning to test this idea in the lab using superconducting qubits. Taking the important step in quantum theory can be used to improve the thermodynamic performance concept and also inspired the diamond test being carried out at Oxford University. The trial was first proposed by Kosloff, Uzdin and Amikam Levy, who worked at the Hebrew University. Defects created by nitrogen atoms that are dispersed in the diamond can act as an engine—a machine that can perform operations first with a high-temperature heat source (a laser in this test) and then in contact with a low-temperature heat source. However, Kosloff and colleagues hope that such engines can operate in enhanced mode with quantum effects that allow some electrons to exist simultaneously in both energy states. Maintaining these superpositions by emitting laser pulses instead of using a continuous beam should enable the diamond crystals to release microwave photons more quickly. Recently, this Oxford-based team published a preliminary analysis and demonstrated evidence of the existence of the prophecy of quantum propulsion. Although the paper has not yet been peer-reviewed, Janet Anders, a quantum physicist at the University of Exeter, said that if the workstation is well-established, "it will be a breakthrough." However, Anders also believes that it is still unclear what makes this "feat" possible. "It looks like a magical fuel that doesn't require too much energy, but it allows the engine to extract energy faster," Anders said. "Theoretical physicists still need to study how it does this." According to Peter Hanggi, a quantum physicist at the University of Augsburg, the focus test is only an important step in the right direction in the journey to revitalize this field. But for him, these tests are not bold enough to give a truly groundbreaking insight. At the same time, there is another challenge that cannot be ignored: measurement operations and interactions with the environment can cause irreversible interference with quantum systems. Hanggi said that these effects are rarely taken into account by the theoretical recommendations for the new trial. “It’s hard to calculate and it’s harder to do it in trials.â€
Ian Walmsley of the Oxford University Laboratory, which leads the diamond test, is also cautious about the future of the field. Although Walmsley and other experimenters have been attracted to quantum thermodynamics research in recent years, he said that their interest is largely "with opportunism." They found the opportunity to conduct relatively quick and simple trials with devices that have been successfully installed for other purposes. For example, diamond defect test devices have been widely used to study quantum computing and sensor applications. Walmsley believes that the field of quantum thermodynamics is currently booming. "But it will continue to be active, or eventually nothing, we will wait and see."
(Photo from the Chinese Journal of Science) Only the reckless physicist dared to try to break the laws of thermodynamics. However, it turns out that there may be ways to change these laws. In a laboratory at Oxford University in the United Kingdom, quantum physicists are trying to do this with a small piece of synthetic diamond. At first, the diamonds that were submerged in the mess of optical fibers and mirrors were barely visible. However, when the researchers turned on the green laser, the defects in the diamond were illuminated and the crystals began to glow red. In this light, scientists have discovered a prima facie evidence of the effects that have just been theorized a few years ago: quantum push can make a diamond's power output higher than the classical thermodynamically defined level. If the conclusions are true, they will bring tangible benefits to quantum thermodynamics research. Quantum thermodynamics is a relatively new field that aims to reveal the laws governing heat and energy flow at the atomic scale. Breaking the Law The development of the classical laws of thermodynamics dates back to the 19th century. They were born out of the effort to understand steam engines and other macro systems. Thermodynamic variables such as temperature, heat, etc. are statistical in nature and are defined according to the average motion of a large population of particles. But back in the 1980s, Ronnie Kosloff, an early pioneer in the field and a researcher at Hebrew University in Israel, began to think about whether this situation would work for a much smaller system. Kosloff said that this was not a popular research branch at the time, because the questions to be answered were mostly abstract, and the hope of combining with the experiment was also very embarrassing. “This field has developed very slowly,†Kosloff said. “I have been alone for many years.†About a decade ago, as the issue of technical miniaturization became increasingly urgent and experimental technology made breakthroughs, it all happened. change. The researchers conducted a series of experiments to infer how thermodynamics and quantum theory are combined. However, Kosloff said the resulting proposal brought more confusion than making the problem clearer. Some claim that quantum components can break the classical thermodynamics without being damaged, so they can be used as a perpetual motion machine that can work without any energy input. Others have suggested that the laws of thermodynamics should remain unaltered at very small scales. However, they are equally confused. “In some cases, you can use the same equation to infer the performance of a single atomic engine and a car engine,†Kosloff said. “But it also looks shocking – to be sure, when the object becomes More and less hours, a quantum limit should be reached." In classical thermodynamics, a single particle has no temperature. Therefore, Tobias Schaetz, a quantum physicist at the University of Freiburg in Germany, believes that as the system of work and its environment approach the limit, it is increasingly ridiculous to imagine that they will follow standard thermodynamic rules. Finding the limit Inspired by the idea that information is a physical quantity and closely related to thermodynamics, researchers have attempted to rewrite the laws of thermodynamics so that they can work in quantum fields as well. Perpetual motion seems to be impossible. However, the early hope was that the limits given by quantum thermodynamics might not be as strict as in the classical world. "This is a series of ideas we have learned from quantum computing, that is, quantum effects help break the classic boundaries," said Rahm Uzdin, a quantum physicist at the Israel Institute of Technology. He also said that it is disappointing that this is not the case. The latest analysis shows that the quantum version of the second law (domination efficiency) and the third law (forbidding the system to reach absolute zero) maintains similar limits to the traditional "avatar", and even in some cases maintains more stringent limits. The theory also reveals some potential leeway. In a theoretical analysis that explores the flow of information between a hot chamber filled with particles and a cold room, a team including the quantum physicists Arnau Riera and Manabendra Nath Bera of the Barcelona Institute of Photonics in Spain found a strange Scene: The hot room seems to become hotter spontaneously, while the cold room becomes colder. “In the beginning, it looked crazy, as if we broke the laws of thermodynamics,†Bera said. But the researchers quickly realized that they ignored the quantum distortion, that is, the particles in the chamber would become entangled with each other. In theory, generating and breaking these associations provides a means to store and release energy. Once this quantum resource is included, the laws of thermodynamics gradually emerge. Some independent teams have proposed using such entanglements to store energy in "quantum cells." At the same time, a team from the Italian Institute of Technology is trying to validate the Barcelona team's predictions by using batteries built from superconducting qubits. In principle, such quantum cells charge much faster than conventional batteries. “You can't extract and store energy outside the limits of traditional restrictions—this is determined by the second law,†Riera said. “But you might be able to speed up the extraction and storage of energy.†Some researchers are working Look for simpler ways to manipulate bits in quantum computing applications. Nayeli Azucena RodrÃguez Briones, a quantum physicist at the University of Waterloo in Canada, and colleagues designed a method that could enhance the cooling capacity required for quantum computing operations by manipulating the energy levels of quantum bit pairs. Currently, they are planning to test this idea in the lab using superconducting qubits. Taking the important step in quantum theory can be used to improve the thermodynamic performance concept and also inspired the diamond test being carried out at Oxford University. The trial was first proposed by Kosloff, Uzdin and Amikam Levy, who worked at the Hebrew University. Defects created by nitrogen atoms that are dispersed in the diamond can act as an engine—a machine that can perform operations first with a high-temperature heat source (a laser in this test) and then in contact with a low-temperature heat source. However, Kosloff and colleagues hope that such engines can operate in enhanced mode with quantum effects that allow some electrons to exist simultaneously in both energy states. Maintaining these superpositions by emitting laser pulses instead of using a continuous beam should enable the diamond crystals to release microwave photons more quickly. Recently, this Oxford-based team published a preliminary analysis and demonstrated evidence of the existence of the prophecy of quantum propulsion. Although the paper has not yet been peer-reviewed, Janet Anders, a quantum physicist at the University of Exeter, said that if the workstation is well-established, "it will be a breakthrough." However, Anders also believes that it is still unclear what makes this "feat" possible. "It looks like a magical fuel that doesn't require too much energy, but it allows the engine to extract energy faster," Anders said. "Theoretical physicists still need to study how it does this." According to Peter Hanggi, a quantum physicist at the University of Augsburg, the focus test is only an important step in the right direction in the journey to revitalize this field. But for him, these tests are not bold enough to give a truly groundbreaking insight. At the same time, there is another challenge that cannot be ignored: measurement operations and interactions with the environment can cause irreversible interference with quantum systems. Hanggi said that these effects are rarely taken into account by the theoretical recommendations for the new trial. “It’s hard to calculate and it’s harder to do it in trials.†Ian Walmsley of the Oxford University Laboratory, which leads the diamond test, is also cautious about the future of the field. Although Walmsley and other experimenters have been attracted to quantum thermodynamics research in recent years, he said that their interest is largely "with opportunism." They found the opportunity to conduct relatively quick and simple trials with devices that have been successfully installed for other purposes. For example, diamond defect test devices have been widely used to study quantum computing and sensor applications. Walmsley believes that the field of quantum thermodynamics is currently booming. "But it will continue to be active, or eventually nothing, we will wait and see."
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