The engine is a complex machine made up of many mechanisms and systems. Whether it is a gasoline engine or a diesel engine; whether it is a four-stroke engine or a two-stroke engine; whether it is a single-cylinder engine or a multi-cylinder engine. In order to complete the energy conversion, realize the work cycle, and ensure continuous and normal work for a long time, the following institutions and systems must be available.
(1) Crank and link mechanism
Crank Mechanism
The crank-link mechanism is the main moving part of the engine to achieve the working cycle and complete the energy conversion. It consists of a body group, a piston rod set and a crankshaft flywheel set. During the power stroke, the piston is subjected to linear motion in the cylinder by the gas pressure, converted into a rotary motion of the crankshaft through the connecting rod, and externally outputs power from the crankshaft. In the intake, compression and exhaust strokes, the flywheel releases energy and converts the rotational motion of the crankshaft into a linear motion of the piston.
(2) Gas distribution mechanism
The function of the valve train is to open and close the intake and exhaust valves according to the working sequence and working process of the engine, so that the combustible mixture or air enters the cylinder and exhausts the exhaust gas from the cylinder to realize the ventilation process.
Most of the gas distribution mechanism of the gas distribution mechanism adopts an overhead valve type gas distribution mechanism, which is generally composed of a valve group, a valve transmission group and a valve driving group.
(3) Fuel supply system
The function of the gasoline engine fuel supply system is to formulate a certain amount and concentration of mixed gas according to the requirements of the engine, supply the cylinder, and exhaust the burned exhaust gas from the cylinder to the atmosphere;
Fuel Supply System The function of the fuel supply system is to supply diesel and air to the cylinders respectively, to form a mixture in the combustion chamber and to burn, and finally to exhaust the burned exhaust gas.
(4) Lubrication system
The function of the lubrication system is to deliver a quantitative amount of clean lubricating oil to the surface of the relatively moving parts to achieve liquid friction, reduce frictional resistance, and reduce wear on the parts. The surface of the part is cleaned and cooled. The lubrication system usually consists of a lubricating oil passage, an oil pump, an oil filter, and some valves.
(5) Cooling system
The function of the cooling system is to dissipate part of the heat absorbed by the heated parts in time to ensure that the engine works at the optimum temperature. The cooling system of a water-cooled engine usually consists of a cooling water jacket, a water pump, a fan, a water tank, a thermostat, and the like.
cooling system
(6) Ignition system
In a gasoline engine, the combustible mixture in the cylinder is ignited by an electric spark. For this purpose, a spark plug is mounted on the cylinder head of the gasoline engine, and the head of the spark plug extends into the combustion chamber. All devices capable of generating an electric spark between the spark plug electrodes on time are called an ignition system, and the ignition system is usually composed of a battery, a generator, a distributor, an ignition coil, and a spark plug.
Ignition system (7) starting system
In order to make the engine transition from a static state to a working state, the crankshaft of the engine must first be rotated by an external force to reciprocate the piston, and the combustible mixture in the cylinder is burned and expanded to push the piston downward to move the crankshaft. The engine can run on its own and the work cycle can be automated. Therefore, the crankshaft starts to rotate under the action of an external force until the engine starts to automatically idle, which is called starting of the engine. The device required to complete the starting process, called the start of the engine
Start system. The gasoline engine is composed of the above two major institutions and five major systems, namely, the crank linkage mechanism, the gas distribution mechanism, the fuel supply system, the lubrication system, the cooling system, the ignition system and the starting system; the diesel engine is composed of the above two major institutions and four major systems. That is, it consists of a crank-link mechanism, a valve train, a fuel supply system, a lubrication system, a cooling system, and a starting system. The diesel engine is compression-ignited and does not require an ignition system.
Components of the internal combustion engine The components of the reciprocating piston internal combustion engine mainly include a crank connecting rod mechanism, a body and a cylinder head, a gas distribution mechanism, a fuel supply system, a lubrication system, a cooling system, a starting device, and the like.
The cylinder is a cylindrical metal part. The sealed cylinder is the source of the work cycle and power generation. Each cylinder with a cylinder liner is mounted in the body, and its top end is closed by a cylinder head. The piston reciprocates within the cylinder liner and closes the cylinder from the lower portion of the cylinder to form a sealed space with a regularly varying volume. The fuel burns in this space and the resulting gas power pushes the piston. The reciprocating motion of the piston pushes the crankshaft for rotary motion through the connecting rod, and the crankshaft then outputs power from the flywheel end. The crank-link mechanism consisting of a piston set, a connecting rod set, a crankshaft and a flywheel is a major part of the internal combustion engine transmitting power.
The piston group is composed of a piston, a piston ring, a piston pin and the like. The piston has a cylindrical shape with a piston ring mounted thereon to seal the cylinder when the piston reciprocates. The above several piston rings are called gas rings, which are used to close the cylinders to prevent gas leakage in the cylinders. The lower ring is called the oil ring, which is used to scrape excess oil on the cylinder wall to prevent the lubricating oil from entering. cylinder. The piston pin has a cylindrical shape that penetrates into the pin hole of the piston and the small end of the connecting rod to couple the piston and the connecting rod. The large end of the connecting rod is divided into two halves and is coupled by a connecting rod screw, which is connected to the crank pin of the crankshaft. When the connecting rod works, the small end of the connecting rod reciprocates with the piston, and the large end of the connecting rod rotates with the crank pin around the axis of the crankshaft, and the shaft between the heads of the connecting rod makes a complicated rocking motion.
The function of the crankshaft is to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into a rotary motion, and the work done by the expansion stroke is transmitted through a flywheel mounted on the rear end of the crankshaft. The flywheel stores energy, allowing the other strokes of the piston to work properly and evenly rotating the crankshaft. In order to balance the inertial force and reduce the vibration of the internal combustion engine, the balance mass is also appropriately applied to the crank of the crankshaft.
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