There are earthquakes in the land of science and technology and earthquakes in the ocean. What are the signs before the earthquake at sea? These are issues that are of great concern to the seafarers of the vast majority of residents, fishermen and shipping in the coastal areas. Marine earthquakes are no less harmful than land earthquakes. On December 26, 2004, a magnitude 9 earthquake occurred in the Indian Ocean. At that time, earthquake experts estimated that the strata of South Asia were affected by strong earthquakes and the activities of the strata became more active. In recent years, large-scale earthquakes still occurred in South Asia, especially in the South Asia.
The West Coast of the United States is enjoying the Pacific Ocean seismic belt. Jerry Paros, who lives in Washington State, fears that the earthquake is like a time bomb threatening his country. Unlike other people, Paros tries to avoid risks with practical actions. He invented a quartz sensor for seismic monitoring and used it to build a company to make big money in doing business. Seismic sensors were originally used in fossil-energy mining and other related industries. Now, Paros intends to use his invention to help protect the world from natural disasters.
The quartz sensor invented by inventor Jerry Paros has improved the accuracy of subsea monitoring to centimeters.
The 79-year-old inventor showed us his invention at the company's Paroscientific headquarters in Redmond. Inside a volleyball-sized metal frame, the sensor senses small changes in atmospheric pressure by moving up and down, and even the pressure changes caused by opening and closing the door can be captured by it. In subsea applications, the instrument senses changes in water pressure and speculates on deep seabed vibrations.
Paros hopes to build a marine earthquake warning system based on his own invention. He donated US$2 million in research funds to the University of Washington and conducted tests with university researchers on the Pacific Northwest coast.
Many coastal countries, including Japan and Chile, are investigating the monitoring technology of submarine crust activity. The competition is generally installed to test various sensing devices. The geological faults in the circum-Pacific seismic belt produced the most violent earthquake on the earth and caused tremendous disasters to human society. In 2004, the Indonesian earthquake triggered a tsunami and nearly 250,000 people were killed in the waves.
Over the years, the fault movement on the sea floor has been a difficult problem for geophysicists. 70% of the earth's surface is covered with water. Standard detection tools have no use in the marine environment. The sensor created by Paros brings the gospel to the unprepared geophysicist. These sensor networks can reveal which subsea faults are harmless and which are likely to accumulate energy for the next major earthquake.
"It will help us to locate the area of ​​activity. This is exactly what we could not have done before," said Emily Roland, an oceanographer at the University of Washington.
Sleeping Giant
When Paros moved to Washington State in 1970, he did not understand the dangers of frequent earthquakes on the Pacific Northwest coast. The largest earthquake recorded in the region since it was recorded was the 7.1-magnitude earthquake on April 13, 1949 in Olympia, Washington. Since the 1980s, researchers have discovered that from the south of California to British Columbia, the entire west coast of North America is threatened with a magnitude 9 earthquake and tsunami. The source of danger comes from the bottom of the ocean, 50 kilometers away from the coast. Underneath this location is the plate junction. The Cascadia subduction zone is a thousand kilometers long and is part of the volcanic belt of the Pacific Rim. It is surrounded by the unstable crustal structure throughout the Pacific Ocean. Submarine submarine subduction has led to several super earthquakes recorded, including the 9.5-magnitude earthquake that struck Chile in 1960. In 1700, a strong earthquake on the seabed occurred in Cascadia, and it is estimated that the intensity reached 9th. The tsunami caused by the earthquake caused severe damage to the North American coast. Japan on the other side of the Pacific Ocean was also affected.
Cascadia is like a time bomb to scare scientists. No one can tell when the next earthquake will arrive, either tomorrow or centuries later. Scientists monitor the geological activities of other subduction zones and assess the risk of future strong earthquakes by monitoring the pattern of small earthquakes. According to Wang Kailin, a seismologist at the Geological Survey of Canada, Cascadia is usually very calm. In recent years, only a few minor vibrations have been detected, suggesting that the plate movement in the region is quiet. This makes Cascadia a sleeping giant and a dangerous giant. The lifeblood of cities such as Portland and Seattle is in its hands.
On land, engineers can use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to measure subtle signs of geological movement, including uplift of the ground around the mountain before the volcanic eruption, or the sliding of rocks along geological faults. The San Andreas fault in California belongs to the latter. Compared to land, monitoring geological movements on the seabed is difficult and expensive. Thanks to innovations in monitoring tools and deployment methods in recent years, subsea surveying has gradually caught up with the level of land-based measurements.
From New Zealand, Japan, and Chile, geophysicists from all countries are trying to understand the risks of long-term geological movements and to issue warnings in time at the beginning of the earthquake and tsunami. Much of this work is based on government-funded subsea sensor networks, and a small portion of it is privately financed by Paros. Paros installed six quartz pressure sensors in the sea off the coast of Oregon to monitor Cascadia's crust movement.
Scientists derived two different models of Cascadia crustal movement based on ground-based GPS measurements. One of them shows that the falling plate movements are very slow, releasing pressure throughout the process. Another thinks that the two plates are locked together, creating the danger of pressure build-up.
release stress
People can't just judge with a land-based instrument which is correct, or both are incorrect. “We do not know the extent to which the plates have been locked, so we need to measure at sea. Land-based measurements are no longer sufficient,†Wang Kailin said.
Oceanographers have installed monitoring equipment on the sea floor of Cascadia. A research team formed by the University of Washington and the Scripps Institute of Oceanography in California is trying to establish a system that can measure the movement of the sea floor in the time dimension and evaluate the nature of the threat. Paros's quartz sensor plays a key role in this work.
Quartz has a piezoelectric effect, and it is charged by pressure. Using this feature, Paroscientific began developing a quartz sensor that can measure physical factors such as acceleration, pressure change, and temperature fifty years ago. The submarine-based Paroscientific sensor measures changes in water pressure, and after correcting the disturbances caused by waves and tides, oceanographers can move the bottom of the sea up to 1 cm.
Paroscientific is one of the companies that manufacture marine pressure sensors. Paros himself has a dual background of business and scientific research. He transformed himself from an entrepreneur to an amateur scientist, and now he has become a part of the local geophysical circle. William Wilcock, a marine geophysicist at the University of Washington, described Paros: "I like to interact with engineering and technology workers. I am committed to achieving my goals and promoting group progress."
As early as 1983, Paroscientific sensors participated in the tsunami observation system of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States and monitored the ocean movement in the Pacific Ocean. In 2004, when Tsunami broke out in Indonesia, Paros donated US$1 million to Washington University to promote the development of sensor networks. With this donation and another $1 million donation in 2012, university researchers designed and tested a new generation of subsea pressure sensors.
The seabed surveyor, jointly developed by the Scripps Institute and the University of Washington, was deployed to the seabed between the Oregon coast and the subduction zone. Researchers compare the data collected with mathematical models and are expected to draw conclusions on the status of the submarine fault within a decade.
However, even the best pressure sensors can only reveal the motion in the up-to-next dimension of the floor slab, and no horizontal displacement can be detected. Researchers use another method to make up for this deficiency. Scientists placed transponders on the seabed two or three kilometers apart. For almost a year, the scientists took scientific research boats to determine the exact location of the transponders. By calculating the time that the letter passes through the seawater, the investigator can determine if the seafloor has moved horizontally compared to the previous measurement.
Global alert
This submarine acoustic distance measurement technology is widely used around the world. The Holz Marine Research Center in Kiel-Helm, Germany installed a sensor network for the Chilean coastal subduction zone in 2015 to help the Chilean government monitor earthquake threats. The Japan Coast Guard invests several months each year to collect data from the coastlines of dozens of countries. David Chadwell, a geophysicist at the Scripps Research Institute, attempted to collect data to reduce operational costs using automated navigation machines and is currently testing in Oregon.
In order to understand the real dangers of Cascadia's deposits, the Earth's need for science scientists needed to deploy many types of tools, including seismographs and geodetic instruments for ocean and land, respectively. Regarding the location of the instrument and how to obtain the best data, there are disagreements between scientists who focus on basic research and those who focus on earthquakes and tsunami warnings. The University of Washington hopes their network can meet the needs of both groups at the same time.
Earlier this year in April, top industry researchers gathered at the University of Washington campus to discuss the best options for monitoring Cascadia’s risk. After two days of discussion, participants divided into groups to design their own ideal programs. Some groups conceive of laying survey arrays on the sea floor and collecting data through surface gliders. These include the use of seismographs to measure ongoing seismic activity and, in conjunction with tsunami warning buoys, early warning of dangerous waves. Another group proposed laying cables directly on the seabed and using cable to transmit data.
There are currently two basic monitoring systems in the Cascadia region. The Ocean Observatories Initiative Cabled Array connects the Oregon coast and a submarine volcano with a 900-kilometer cable. In Canada, Ocean Networks Canada has a similar length of cable connected to the submarine subduction zone. Both cables are connected to various measuring instruments along the route.
The scale of the new plan is much larger than that of the existing plan, and it is more similar to the Japanese DONET-2 subsea monitoring project completed last year. Yoshio Kawaguchi, deputy director of the Observatory of Japan's Yokohama, Japan's Marine Science and Technology Bureau, said that the DONET-2 backbone cable is 500 kilometers long and 29 independent monitoring points are connected along the way.
Japan is currently building a second-larger submarine monitoring project. It plans to lay out 5,700 kilometers of submarine cables and connect 150 monitoring points. The US$320 million S-NET project is being constructed south of Hokkaido. The first part was put into operation in May 2016. The deepest water line will be installed in the next few months. Each monitoring site costs about 50,000 US dollars, which is equipped with Paroscientific pressure sensors.
The data from the above two observation systems were imported into the Japan National Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System. The latter received increasing attention after the tragedy of the 16,000 deaths caused by the 2011 Japan earthquake. The tsunami triggered by the 2011 earthquake caused a leakage accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant and triggered an energy crisis in Japan.
At some point in the future, Paros may be able to see his sensors spread throughout the Cascadia Sea as part of an extensive natural disaster monitoring network. Paros said that if he wants to do a good job in disaster emergency warning, he can't be involved with the local officials too much. This is why he personally devoted himself to scientific research. Last week, engineers at the University of Washington deployed a new sensor at a small cable-based subsea monitoring station in Monterey Bay, California, where they will be testing the sensor for several months.
"I have been doing Sisyphus-style things and trying to push the rock to the top of the mountain," Paros said. "I just wanted to sow the seeds to prove that this is feasible, and at the same time I hope the government realizes that this is an important public safety issue."
The original title "Marine Earthquake" is difficult to predict? Centimeter Sensing Technology is a Gospel Translator | Sun Wenwen
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