In recent years, due to the excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in vegetable production, the accumulation of harmful substances in vegetable products has been greatly affected, which seriously affects the health of the people. Therefore, vegetable production must be developed in the direction of pollution-free. In order to ensure that the content of nitrates and other harmful substances in vegetables does not exceed the standard. The following is a brief introduction to the fertilization techniques in the production of pollution-free vegetables.
1. Types of fertilizers produced from pollution-free vegetables
The types and types of fertilizers allowed in the production of pollution-free vegetables are:
1. Farmyard fertilizers such as compost, manure, biogas fertilizer, green manure, crop straw, mud fertilizer, cake fertilizer, etc.
2. Biological bacterial fertilizers include humic acid fertilizers, rhizobial fertilizers, phosphorus bacterial fertilizers, and compound microbial fertilizers.
3. Inorganic mineral fertilizers such as mineral potassium fertilizer and potassium sulfate, mineral phosphate fertilizer, etc.
4. Trace element fertilizer is a fertilizer formulated mainly from trace elements such as copper, iron, boron, zinc, manganese and molybdenum and beneficial elements.
5. Other fertilizers such as bone meal, amino acid residues, livestock processing waste, and sugar factory waste.
Second, the principle of fertilization of pollution-free vegetable production
The principle of fertilization for the production of pollution-free vegetables should be: organic fertilizers, supplemented by its fertilizers; multi-component fertilizers, supplemented by single-element fertilizers; mainly based on fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing. Try to limit the application of chemical fertilizers. If you really need it, you can selectively apply some fertilizers in a limited way, but you should pay attention to the following principles:
1. It is forbidden to use nitrate nitrogen fertilizer.
2, control dosage, generally not more than 25kg per 667m2.
3. Fertilizer must be applied in combination with organic fertilizer, and the ratio of organic nitrogen is 2:1.
4. Use less foliar spray fertilizer.
5. The last application of fertilizer should be carried out for 30 days.
Third, the implementation of formula fertilization
In order to reduce pollution and give full play to fertilizer efficiency, formula fertilization should be implemented, that is, according to the nutritional and physiological characteristics of vegetables, the law of fertilizer absorption, soil fertility performance and fertilizer effect, the appropriate amount and proportion of organic fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace element fertilizers should be determined. And the corresponding fertilization technology to achieve a symptomatic formula. The specifics should include the variety and amount of fertilizer, the proportion of base fertilizer and top dressing; the number and period of top dressing; and the fertilization method used according to the characteristics of the fertilizer. Formulated fertilization is the basic fertilization technique for the production of pollution-free vegetables.
4. Problems that should be paid attention to in fertilization techniques in the production of pollution-free vegetables
1. Manure and manure should be fully fermented and decomposed, and rinsed with water after topdressing.
2, chemical fertilizers should be applied deep, early application, deep application can reduce nitrogen volatilization, extend fertilizer supply time, improve nitrogen utilization. Early application is beneficial to early plant growth, prolonging fertilizer efficiency and reducing nitrate accumulation. Generally, ammonium nitrogen is applied to the soil layer below 6 cm, and urea is applied to the soil layer below 10 cm.
3. Applying biological nitrogen fertilizer, adding phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and applying biological nitrogen fertilizer is one of the effective ways to solve the limitation of chemical fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer have obvious effects on increasing vegetable stress resistance.
4, according to the type of vegetables and cultivation conditions flexible fertilization, different types of vegetables, the accumulation of nitrates vary greatly, generally leafy vegetables are higher than melons, melons are higher than fruit.
In addition, the nitrate content of the same vegetable in different climatic conditions is also different, generally under high temperature and strong light, nitrate accumulation is less. On the contrary, under low temperature and low light, nitrate is accumulated in a large amount. In the process of fertilization, the type of vegetables, cultivation season and climatic conditions should be considered, and the reasonable amount of chemical fertilizer should be mastered to ensure that the nitrate content is within the prescribed range of pollution-free vegetables.
Melons, including: cucumber, melon, etc.
Fertilization principle
Mainly based on organic fertilizer, heavy in the bottom fertilizer, reasonable topdressing, control of nitrogen fertilizer application, prohibition of application of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, soil testing formula, to maintain soil fertility balance.
Apply sufficient base fertilizer: ensure that the organic fertilizer is cooked 4000-5000kg/667m2 (mu), diammonium phosphate 30-50kg/667m2 (mu), potassium sulfate 40-60kg/667m2 (mu) or three-element compound fertilizer 100kg/667m2 ( mu).
Reasonable topdressing: Each acre can be applied to 1000kg/667m2 (mu) of manure and 10kg/667m2 (mu) of ternary compound fertilizer (or urea). At the same time, 0.5% urea plus 0.3-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used to supplement the foliar 2-3 times.
CO2 gas can be added to the protected area.
It is forbidden to apply harmful municipal waste and sludge, and it is not allowed to use manure and fertilizer for topdressing during the harvesting stage.
Solanaceous vegetables, including: tomato, pepper, eggplant
Fertilization principle
Mainly organic fertilizer, focus on the base fertilizer, reasonable topdressing, control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, promote the use of special fertilizers and biological fertilizers, soil testing formula, to maintain soil fertility balance.
Apply sufficient base: ensure the application of fully decomposed organic fertilizer 4000-5000kg/667m2 (mu), and cooperate with the application of diammonium phosphate 30-50kg/667m2 (mu), potassium sulfate 40-60kg/667m2 (mu) or three-element compound Fertilizer 100kg/667m2 (mu).
Reasonable topdressing: Each acre can be used to apply 1000kg/667m2 (mu) or urea 10kg/667m2 (mu) of manure.
It is forbidden to apply harmful municipal waste and sludge, and it is not allowed to use manure and fertilizer for topdressing during the harvesting stage.
Leafy vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, broccoli, celery, leeks, etc.
Fertilization principle
Mainly organic fertilizer, focus on the bottom fertilizer, reasonable topdressing, control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, promote the use of special fertilizers and biological fertilizers, prohibit the use of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, soil testing formula, maintain soil fertility balance.
Apply sufficient base fertilizer: ensure that the organic fertilizer is cooked 4000-5000kg/667m2 (mu), diammonium phosphate 30-40kg/667m2 (mu), potassium sulfate 30-40kg/m2 (mu) or three-element compound fertilizer 80kg/667m2 ( mu).
Reasonable topdressing: Applying slow-acting fertilizer in the early and middle stages, it can be applied to fully decomposed human excrement 1000kg/667m2 (mu) and grass ash 50-100kg/667m2 (mu) or three-element compound fertilizer (or urea) 10kg/667m2 ( Mu); appropriate application of quick-acting ammonium bicarbonate 20-30kg/667m2 (mu) or urea 10kg/667m2 (mu).
It is forbidden to apply harmful urban garbage and sludge, and it is not allowed to use manure and fertilizer for topdressing during the harvesting stage.
1. Types of fertilizers produced from pollution-free vegetables
The types and types of fertilizers allowed in the production of pollution-free vegetables are:
1. Farmyard fertilizers such as compost, manure, biogas fertilizer, green manure, crop straw, mud fertilizer, cake fertilizer, etc.
2. Biological bacterial fertilizers include humic acid fertilizers, rhizobial fertilizers, phosphorus bacterial fertilizers, and compound microbial fertilizers.
3. Inorganic mineral fertilizers such as mineral potassium fertilizer and potassium sulfate, mineral phosphate fertilizer, etc.
4. Trace element fertilizer is a fertilizer formulated mainly from trace elements such as copper, iron, boron, zinc, manganese and molybdenum and beneficial elements.
5. Other fertilizers such as bone meal, amino acid residues, livestock processing waste, and sugar factory waste.
Second, the principle of fertilization of pollution-free vegetable production
The principle of fertilization for the production of pollution-free vegetables should be: organic fertilizers, supplemented by its fertilizers; multi-component fertilizers, supplemented by single-element fertilizers; mainly based on fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing. Try to limit the application of chemical fertilizers. If you really need it, you can selectively apply some fertilizers in a limited way, but you should pay attention to the following principles:
1. It is forbidden to use nitrate nitrogen fertilizer.
2, control dosage, generally not more than 25kg per 667m2.
3. Fertilizer must be applied in combination with organic fertilizer, and the ratio of organic nitrogen is 2:1.
4. Use less foliar spray fertilizer.
5. The last application of fertilizer should be carried out for 30 days.
Third, the implementation of formula fertilization
In order to reduce pollution and give full play to fertilizer efficiency, formula fertilization should be implemented, that is, according to the nutritional and physiological characteristics of vegetables, the law of fertilizer absorption, soil fertility performance and fertilizer effect, the appropriate amount and proportion of organic fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace element fertilizers should be determined. And the corresponding fertilization technology to achieve a symptomatic formula. The specifics should include the variety and amount of fertilizer, the proportion of base fertilizer and top dressing; the number and period of top dressing; and the fertilization method used according to the characteristics of the fertilizer. Formulated fertilization is the basic fertilization technique for the production of pollution-free vegetables.
4. Problems that should be paid attention to in fertilization techniques in the production of pollution-free vegetables
1. Manure and manure should be fully fermented and decomposed, and rinsed with water after topdressing.
2, chemical fertilizers should be applied deep, early application, deep application can reduce nitrogen volatilization, extend fertilizer supply time, improve nitrogen utilization. Early application is beneficial to early plant growth, prolonging fertilizer efficiency and reducing nitrate accumulation. Generally, ammonium nitrogen is applied to the soil layer below 6 cm, and urea is applied to the soil layer below 10 cm.
3. Applying biological nitrogen fertilizer, adding phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and applying biological nitrogen fertilizer is one of the effective ways to solve the limitation of chemical fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer have obvious effects on increasing vegetable stress resistance.
4, according to the type of vegetables and cultivation conditions flexible fertilization, different types of vegetables, the accumulation of nitrates vary greatly, generally leafy vegetables are higher than melons, melons are higher than fruit.
In addition, the nitrate content of the same vegetable in different climatic conditions is also different, generally under high temperature and strong light, nitrate accumulation is less. On the contrary, under low temperature and low light, nitrate is accumulated in a large amount. In the process of fertilization, the type of vegetables, cultivation season and climatic conditions should be considered, and the reasonable amount of chemical fertilizer should be mastered to ensure that the nitrate content is within the prescribed range of pollution-free vegetables.
Melons, including: cucumber, melon, etc.
Fertilization principle
Mainly based on organic fertilizer, heavy in the bottom fertilizer, reasonable topdressing, control of nitrogen fertilizer application, prohibition of application of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, soil testing formula, to maintain soil fertility balance.
Apply sufficient base fertilizer: ensure that the organic fertilizer is cooked 4000-5000kg/667m2 (mu), diammonium phosphate 30-50kg/667m2 (mu), potassium sulfate 40-60kg/667m2 (mu) or three-element compound fertilizer 100kg/667m2 ( mu).
Reasonable topdressing: Each acre can be applied to 1000kg/667m2 (mu) of manure and 10kg/667m2 (mu) of ternary compound fertilizer (or urea). At the same time, 0.5% urea plus 0.3-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used to supplement the foliar 2-3 times.
CO2 gas can be added to the protected area.
It is forbidden to apply harmful municipal waste and sludge, and it is not allowed to use manure and fertilizer for topdressing during the harvesting stage.
Solanaceous vegetables, including: tomato, pepper, eggplant
Fertilization principle
Mainly organic fertilizer, focus on the base fertilizer, reasonable topdressing, control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, promote the use of special fertilizers and biological fertilizers, soil testing formula, to maintain soil fertility balance.
Apply sufficient base: ensure the application of fully decomposed organic fertilizer 4000-5000kg/667m2 (mu), and cooperate with the application of diammonium phosphate 30-50kg/667m2 (mu), potassium sulfate 40-60kg/667m2 (mu) or three-element compound Fertilizer 100kg/667m2 (mu).
Reasonable topdressing: Each acre can be used to apply 1000kg/667m2 (mu) or urea 10kg/667m2 (mu) of manure.
It is forbidden to apply harmful municipal waste and sludge, and it is not allowed to use manure and fertilizer for topdressing during the harvesting stage.
Leafy vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, broccoli, celery, leeks, etc.
Fertilization principle
Mainly organic fertilizer, focus on the bottom fertilizer, reasonable topdressing, control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, promote the use of special fertilizers and biological fertilizers, prohibit the use of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, soil testing formula, maintain soil fertility balance.
Apply sufficient base fertilizer: ensure that the organic fertilizer is cooked 4000-5000kg/667m2 (mu), diammonium phosphate 30-40kg/667m2 (mu), potassium sulfate 30-40kg/m2 (mu) or three-element compound fertilizer 80kg/667m2 ( mu).
Reasonable topdressing: Applying slow-acting fertilizer in the early and middle stages, it can be applied to fully decomposed human excrement 1000kg/667m2 (mu) and grass ash 50-100kg/667m2 (mu) or three-element compound fertilizer (or urea) 10kg/667m2 ( Mu); appropriate application of quick-acting ammonium bicarbonate 20-30kg/667m2 (mu) or urea 10kg/667m2 (mu).
It is forbidden to apply harmful urban garbage and sludge, and it is not allowed to use manure and fertilizer for topdressing during the harvesting stage.
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