Barack Obama's favorite BlackBerry has not buzzed. Japan's Toyota's new energy vehicle, Prius, is on the road. The world's computer hard drives have stopped rotating. All this is not about the science fiction movie of ****. The plot, but it is the fact that will be staged in real life, all because they lack a "key material" - rare earth.
Rare earth, a raw material containing 17 kinds of rare metals and chemical elements, including yttrium, ytterbium, ytterbium, ytterbium, etc., is widely used in high-tech industries, automobiles, petrochemicals, and related fields. Ten industries. “The rare earth is called rare earth because it is ubiquitous but difficult to obtain in modern industry. The rare earth has become an overriding important raw material.†Jack Rifton, founder of the American Metal Processing Research Institute gave rare earth so Evaluation.
This assessment is just enough to fully explain why the global market has suddenly become unusually agitated after only rumored that China, the world's largest exporter of rare earths, will reduce its rare earth export volume by 30% in 2011.
For China, which supplies 95% of the world's rare earth, even if it is a rumor, it will not be easily let go.
The “soft and hard†hands have forced China’s rare earths to exert pressure on China to secure adequate supply of rare earths, leaving many countries that had been divided by differences in exchange rates and trade deficits many days ago to once again unite.
October 26th. The German Confederation of Industry organized a high-level conference. The participants included representatives of the EU member states, the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, and the relevant industry associations in the United States. The main task of the conference is to consult the Chinese rare earth “negative disease†in Europe and the United States. The meeting finally came up with two kinds of "soft and hard" countermeasures.
The so-called "soft countermeasures" means that Europe and the United States have stated that they will join hands to deal with China's reduction in rare earth supply and develop diversified rare earth supply channels. According to officials of the German Ministry of Economic Affairs, in terms of rare earths and copper, Germany has prepared seven new strategic partners, including Mongolia, Myanmar, Nigeria, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Chile and Peru. The news was disclosed anonymously. The details of the plan were not disclosed.
Contrary to Germany’s request for assistance, the United States began planning “self-relianceâ€. Diana Ball, head of the US Department of Energy’s “Key Metals†task force, said that the US Department of Energy hopes to develop a strategy for diversified mining and processing of rare earths by the end of December. “Rare earth diversification is important because the White House’s next economic growth point for the U.S. economy is the clean energy plan. Rare earths are an indispensable element of clean energy.†Ball said, “The U.S. Department of Energy plans to consider In the next five years or more, increase the production of rare earths in the United States. "At present, the Department of Energy has received approximately 1,000 pages of proposals from 35 companies on how to increase rare earth production.
As the only rare earth mining company in the United States, Mollicka Mining went even further. As early as October 19, the company stated that it was seeking a US$280 million loan guarantee from the U.S. government to be located in California. The Paschen Pass rare earth mines in the state raised funds. If it starts smoothly, by the end of 2012, the company is expected to produce 20,000 tons of rare earth.
For Japan, the world’s largest importer of rare earths, expanding its diversified rare earth import channels has also become its top priority. On the same day as the United States and Europe held a meeting, the Japanese Cabinet passed the supplementary budget for 2010. A total of 336.9 billion yen (approximately US$4 billion) in the budget is called “New growth strategy and countermeasures feeâ€. It is mainly used to cooperate with third countries. Develop rare earth resources and support Japanese companies to recycle rare earth resources from used cars and home appliances. The countries that may currently benefit from this budget are Mongolia, India and Vietnam.
While using a diversified rare earth source as a "soft countermeasure" to attack China, China has the world's largest reserves of rare earths, a large amount of investment in re-mining and pollution, and the possibility of re-emerging sources of rare earths, etc. Another "hard countermeasure" is the punishment mechanism.
On October 22, the EU announced a draft 10-year trade strategy. Among them, legal provisions make it clear that if any country obstructs its access to the rare raw materials or energy needed to develop the economy, the EU will adopt punitive measures such as protective tariffs.
On October 27th, the United States House of Representatives’ Committee on Science and Technology, Bart Gordon, said that he was urging industry groups and experts to pressure the Senate to try to persuade them to pass a matter on the development of domestic rare earths as soon as possible after the mid-term election on November 2. The motion. On September 29, the House of Representatives passed the "2010 Rare Earth and Crucial Materials Revival Act" with a high vote of 325:98. The bill stipulates that while strengthening the diversification of strategic raw materials such as rare earths, countries that interfere with the acquisition of resources will likely launch anti-monopoly regulations.
After starting the domestic legislative process, Europe and the United States also opened up international channels. The EU and the United States both proposed that the issue of rare earths be discussed at the G20 meeting. After submitting China's proposal to limit the export of bauxite and other six industrial raw materials to the WTO in 2009, Europe and the United States stated that they would also include the issue of rare earths. Forcing exports from other countries seems to have become a "new thing" since the establishment of the WTO.
When Pascal Lamy, Director-General of the World Trade Organization, attended the high-level meeting on October 26, he clearly stated that the WTO did not have the power to resolve similar material disputes.
"According to historical practice, the work of the WTO is more on import issues. For exports, this issue seems to be more related to the sovereignty of a country," Lamy said.
The Chinese appeal behind the issue of rare earth Lamy does show the fact that behind China’s restrictions on export of rare earths, more is China’s own needs. First of all, it is for environmental protection. In the mining and processing of rare earths, a large amount of acidic substances, soot, and waste materials are generated, which cause great pollution to the environment, and some of these pollutions may be permanent. It is precisely because of this problem that the EU and the United States have long maintained a ban on rare earth mining. Even if the United States is likely to restart the mining of rare earth minerals at Pass Pass, facing the rich mineral resources that could meet the global demand for rare earths eight years ago, the U.S. government has only established about 20,000 tons for it, only satisfying the United States itself. Need to limit the mining restrictions. "The use of rare earths to complete their own clean energy projects, but leaving pollution in other countries, there is no reason for this logic." Chen Fengying, director of the Institute of World Economy at the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, said.
Second, it is the need of China's own development. “Everyone knows that rare earth is a necessary raw material for manufacturing high-tech products. We don't have high-tech product import channels. If we don’t research and develop ourselves, how will China develop?†said Chen Fengying.
Under the requirements of environmental protection and development, the problem of rare earths reflects the strategic energy management and control measures implemented by all countries in the world. “Every country in the world will protect important energy that is regarded as a strategic and strategic development. Russia’s oil, Australia’s iron ore, etc. have not accepted this policy.†Chen Fengying said, “Strategic energy is related to national discourse. The important tool of power." As the world's second largest rare earth reserves country after China, the United States has zero mining for nearly 10 years.
Market-based pricing of rare earths According to the Molecco Mining Company, by 2015, the world's demand for rare earths will increase by 80% to 225,000 tons per year, and China will be able to provide 175,000 tons of rare earths, of which 50,000 tons will be the difference. It will be supplemented by them and Australian rare earth company Lynas for five years. Faced with this difference, many companies with rare earth mines, such as Canada and Chile, are also beginning to try.
When China's rare earths were sold for more than 10 years, the rapid expansion of rare earth demand and the formation of a multi-company competitive environment opened up a chance for the market-oriented pricing of rare earths.
Guo Chaoxian, deputy director of the Industrial Organization Department of the Institute of Industrial Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, believes that China should convert its advantage in reserves into a reserve advantage. The establishment of a storage and storage mechanism for rare earth products in the country as soon as possible will play a positive regulatory role in the market supply.
In terms of rare earth prices, China can learn from Australian iron ore or Russian oil pricing mechanisms - that is, to guide spot prices at prices. The rare earth is included in the metal market to achieve the purpose of guiding the price trend of rare earths in the international market.
While market-based pricing of rare earths, industry insiders and experts have also come to a consensus that the pricing of rare earths should be based on the industry or business as the main body of pricing, diluting the government's background. This will not only make it easier for the rare earth price to be protected by the market mechanism, especially in order to avoid direct conflicts between governments in international trade disputes, and provide unofficial prior contact for official contacts to prepare for and buffer them.
"There is oil in the Middle East, and we have rare earths." This is the feeling that Deng Xiaoping sent when he was on the southern tour. There are still many things we need to do to build China’s rare earths into Middle East oil.
Rare earth, a raw material containing 17 kinds of rare metals and chemical elements, including yttrium, ytterbium, ytterbium, ytterbium, etc., is widely used in high-tech industries, automobiles, petrochemicals, and related fields. Ten industries. “The rare earth is called rare earth because it is ubiquitous but difficult to obtain in modern industry. The rare earth has become an overriding important raw material.†Jack Rifton, founder of the American Metal Processing Research Institute gave rare earth so Evaluation.
This assessment is just enough to fully explain why the global market has suddenly become unusually agitated after only rumored that China, the world's largest exporter of rare earths, will reduce its rare earth export volume by 30% in 2011.
For China, which supplies 95% of the world's rare earth, even if it is a rumor, it will not be easily let go.
The “soft and hard†hands have forced China’s rare earths to exert pressure on China to secure adequate supply of rare earths, leaving many countries that had been divided by differences in exchange rates and trade deficits many days ago to once again unite.
October 26th. The German Confederation of Industry organized a high-level conference. The participants included representatives of the EU member states, the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, and the relevant industry associations in the United States. The main task of the conference is to consult the Chinese rare earth “negative disease†in Europe and the United States. The meeting finally came up with two kinds of "soft and hard" countermeasures.
The so-called "soft countermeasures" means that Europe and the United States have stated that they will join hands to deal with China's reduction in rare earth supply and develop diversified rare earth supply channels. According to officials of the German Ministry of Economic Affairs, in terms of rare earths and copper, Germany has prepared seven new strategic partners, including Mongolia, Myanmar, Nigeria, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Chile and Peru. The news was disclosed anonymously. The details of the plan were not disclosed.
Contrary to Germany’s request for assistance, the United States began planning “self-relianceâ€. Diana Ball, head of the US Department of Energy’s “Key Metals†task force, said that the US Department of Energy hopes to develop a strategy for diversified mining and processing of rare earths by the end of December. “Rare earth diversification is important because the White House’s next economic growth point for the U.S. economy is the clean energy plan. Rare earths are an indispensable element of clean energy.†Ball said, “The U.S. Department of Energy plans to consider In the next five years or more, increase the production of rare earths in the United States. "At present, the Department of Energy has received approximately 1,000 pages of proposals from 35 companies on how to increase rare earth production.
As the only rare earth mining company in the United States, Mollicka Mining went even further. As early as October 19, the company stated that it was seeking a US$280 million loan guarantee from the U.S. government to be located in California. The Paschen Pass rare earth mines in the state raised funds. If it starts smoothly, by the end of 2012, the company is expected to produce 20,000 tons of rare earth.
For Japan, the world’s largest importer of rare earths, expanding its diversified rare earth import channels has also become its top priority. On the same day as the United States and Europe held a meeting, the Japanese Cabinet passed the supplementary budget for 2010. A total of 336.9 billion yen (approximately US$4 billion) in the budget is called “New growth strategy and countermeasures feeâ€. It is mainly used to cooperate with third countries. Develop rare earth resources and support Japanese companies to recycle rare earth resources from used cars and home appliances. The countries that may currently benefit from this budget are Mongolia, India and Vietnam.
While using a diversified rare earth source as a "soft countermeasure" to attack China, China has the world's largest reserves of rare earths, a large amount of investment in re-mining and pollution, and the possibility of re-emerging sources of rare earths, etc. Another "hard countermeasure" is the punishment mechanism.
On October 22, the EU announced a draft 10-year trade strategy. Among them, legal provisions make it clear that if any country obstructs its access to the rare raw materials or energy needed to develop the economy, the EU will adopt punitive measures such as protective tariffs.
On October 27th, the United States House of Representatives’ Committee on Science and Technology, Bart Gordon, said that he was urging industry groups and experts to pressure the Senate to try to persuade them to pass a matter on the development of domestic rare earths as soon as possible after the mid-term election on November 2. The motion. On September 29, the House of Representatives passed the "2010 Rare Earth and Crucial Materials Revival Act" with a high vote of 325:98. The bill stipulates that while strengthening the diversification of strategic raw materials such as rare earths, countries that interfere with the acquisition of resources will likely launch anti-monopoly regulations.
After starting the domestic legislative process, Europe and the United States also opened up international channels. The EU and the United States both proposed that the issue of rare earths be discussed at the G20 meeting. After submitting China's proposal to limit the export of bauxite and other six industrial raw materials to the WTO in 2009, Europe and the United States stated that they would also include the issue of rare earths. Forcing exports from other countries seems to have become a "new thing" since the establishment of the WTO.
When Pascal Lamy, Director-General of the World Trade Organization, attended the high-level meeting on October 26, he clearly stated that the WTO did not have the power to resolve similar material disputes.
"According to historical practice, the work of the WTO is more on import issues. For exports, this issue seems to be more related to the sovereignty of a country," Lamy said.
The Chinese appeal behind the issue of rare earth Lamy does show the fact that behind China’s restrictions on export of rare earths, more is China’s own needs. First of all, it is for environmental protection. In the mining and processing of rare earths, a large amount of acidic substances, soot, and waste materials are generated, which cause great pollution to the environment, and some of these pollutions may be permanent. It is precisely because of this problem that the EU and the United States have long maintained a ban on rare earth mining. Even if the United States is likely to restart the mining of rare earth minerals at Pass Pass, facing the rich mineral resources that could meet the global demand for rare earths eight years ago, the U.S. government has only established about 20,000 tons for it, only satisfying the United States itself. Need to limit the mining restrictions. "The use of rare earths to complete their own clean energy projects, but leaving pollution in other countries, there is no reason for this logic." Chen Fengying, director of the Institute of World Economy at the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, said.
Second, it is the need of China's own development. “Everyone knows that rare earth is a necessary raw material for manufacturing high-tech products. We don't have high-tech product import channels. If we don’t research and develop ourselves, how will China develop?†said Chen Fengying.
Under the requirements of environmental protection and development, the problem of rare earths reflects the strategic energy management and control measures implemented by all countries in the world. “Every country in the world will protect important energy that is regarded as a strategic and strategic development. Russia’s oil, Australia’s iron ore, etc. have not accepted this policy.†Chen Fengying said, “Strategic energy is related to national discourse. The important tool of power." As the world's second largest rare earth reserves country after China, the United States has zero mining for nearly 10 years.
Market-based pricing of rare earths According to the Molecco Mining Company, by 2015, the world's demand for rare earths will increase by 80% to 225,000 tons per year, and China will be able to provide 175,000 tons of rare earths, of which 50,000 tons will be the difference. It will be supplemented by them and Australian rare earth company Lynas for five years. Faced with this difference, many companies with rare earth mines, such as Canada and Chile, are also beginning to try.
When China's rare earths were sold for more than 10 years, the rapid expansion of rare earth demand and the formation of a multi-company competitive environment opened up a chance for the market-oriented pricing of rare earths.
Guo Chaoxian, deputy director of the Industrial Organization Department of the Institute of Industrial Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, believes that China should convert its advantage in reserves into a reserve advantage. The establishment of a storage and storage mechanism for rare earth products in the country as soon as possible will play a positive regulatory role in the market supply.
In terms of rare earth prices, China can learn from Australian iron ore or Russian oil pricing mechanisms - that is, to guide spot prices at prices. The rare earth is included in the metal market to achieve the purpose of guiding the price trend of rare earths in the international market.
While market-based pricing of rare earths, industry insiders and experts have also come to a consensus that the pricing of rare earths should be based on the industry or business as the main body of pricing, diluting the government's background. This will not only make it easier for the rare earth price to be protected by the market mechanism, especially in order to avoid direct conflicts between governments in international trade disputes, and provide unofficial prior contact for official contacts to prepare for and buffer them.
"There is oil in the Middle East, and we have rare earths." This is the feeling that Deng Xiaoping sent when he was on the southern tour. There are still many things we need to do to build China’s rare earths into Middle East oil.
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